Selected References
These articles are available free of charge to anyone interested as part of our goal to encourage learning and curiosity about human physiology.
​
We encourage you to comment and ask questions in the forum tab above. Most helpful to you would be to sign up for the free newsletters where we explain the most important concepts in these and other articles.
(See signup link at the bottom of the page)
1. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. A potent physiological method to magnify and sustain soleus oxidative metabolism improves glucose and lipid regulation. iScience 25(9):104869.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104869
2. Hamilton MT. The role of skeletal muscle contractile duration throughout the whole day: reducing sedentary time and promoting universal physical activity in all people. J Physiol. 2018 Apr 15; 596(8):1331-1340. doi: 10.1113/JP273284.
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP273284
​
3. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. The Necessity of Active Muscle Metabolism for Healthy Aging: Muscular Activity Throughout the Entire Day. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2018; 1555:53-68. For the thematic series: Metabolic Aspects of Aging, 2018.
​
4. Hamilton M.T., D.G. Hamilton, T.W. Zderic. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting on obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 56(11): 2655-2667, 2007.
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/56/11/2655.long
​
​
5. Hamilton, M.T., G.N. Healy, T.W. Zderic, D.W. Dunstan, N. Owen. Too Little Exercise and Too Much Sitting: Inactivity Physiology and the Potential Need for New Recommendations on Sedentary Behavior. Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep., 2(4): 292-298, 2008.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3419586/
​
​
6. Hamilton, M.T., D.G. Hamilton, T.W. Zderic. Exercise physiology versus inactivity physiology: an essential concept for understanding lipoprotein lipase regulation. Exerc. Sports Sci. Rev. 32(4): 161-166, 2004.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312662/​
​
​
7. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Sedentary behavior as a mediator of type 2 diabetes. Med. Sport Sci. 60:11-26, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364419/
​
​
8. Hamilton M.T, E Areiqat, D.G. Hamilton, and L. Bey. Plasma triglyceride metabolism in humans and rats during aging and physical inactivity. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 11, 97-104, 2001.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11915936/
RESTRICTED LINK ***
​
​
9. Hamilton, M.T. and F.W. Booth. Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise: 100 years of progress. J. Appl. Physiol. 88: 327-331, 2000.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.327
​
​
10. Bey, L. and M.T. Hamilton. Suppression of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity during physical inactivity: molecular reason to maintain daily low-intensity activity. J. Physiol. 551(2): 673-682, 2003.
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045591
​
​
11. Bey L, N. Akunuri, E.P. Hoffman, P. Zhao, D.G. Hamilton, and M.T. Hamilton. Patterns in global gene expression in rat skeletal muscle during unloading and low-intensity ambulatory activity. Physiol. Genomics 13(2):157-167, 2003.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00001.2002
​
​
12. Bey L, E. Areiqat, A. Sano, and M.T. Hamilton. Reduced lipoprotein lipase activity in postural skeletal muscle during aging. J. Appl. Physiol. 91(2): 687-692, 2001.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.687
​
​
13. Hamilton, M.T., J. Etienne, W.C. McClure, B.S. Pavey, and A.K. Holloway. Role of local contractile activity and muscle fiber type on LPL regulation during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 275: E1016-E1022, 1998.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.E1016
​
​
14. Zderic, T.W., and M.T. Hamilton. Physical inactivity amplifies the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to the lipid-induced downregulation of lipoprotein lipase activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 100(1): 249-257, 2006.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00925.2005
​
​
15. Dunstan DW, Kingwell BA, Larsen R, Healy GN, Cerin E, Hamilton MT, Shaw JE, Bertovic DA, Zimmet PZ, Salmon J, Owen N. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care 35(5): 976-983, 2012.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/35/5/976/38374/
​
​
16. Larsen RN, Kingwell BA, Robinson C, Hammond L, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Healy GN, Hamilton MT, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Breaking up of prolonged sitting over three days sustains, but does not enhance, lowering of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in overweight and obese adults. Clin Sci (Lond).
Jul;129(2):117-27. doi: 10.1042/CS20140790, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266976/
​
​
17. Zderic TW, Hamilton MT. Identification of hemostatic genes expressed in human and rat leg muscles and a novel gene (LPP1/PAP2A) suppressed during prolonged physical inactivity (sitting). Lipids Health Dis. Oct 12;11:137, 2012.
https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-511X-11-137
​
​
18. Newton RL, Han H, Zderic TW, Hamilton MT. The energy expenditure of sedentary behavior: a whole room calorimeter study. PLoS One May 3;8(5):e63171, 2013.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0063171
​
​
19. Craft LL, Zderic TW, Gapstur SM, Vaniterson EH, Thomas DM, Siddique J, Hamilton MT. Evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less: An observational inclinometry study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., Oct 4; 9:122, 2012.
https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-9-122
​
​
20. Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, Zderic TW, Harris J, Pontzer H, Mabulla A, Hamilton MT, Wood B. Sitting, squatting, and the evolutionary biology of human inactivity. Proceedings National Academy of Science USA March 31, 2020 117 (13) 7115-7121.
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1911868117
​
​
21. Hamilton M.T., and Owen N. Sedentary Behavior and Inactivity Physiology. In: Physical Activity and Health, 2 nd edition, C. Bouchard, S.N. Blair, and W. L. Haskell (Eds.). Human Kinetics, 2011.
PDF Link​
​
​
22. Owen N., and M.T. Hamilton. Sedentary Time and Obesity. In: Handbook of Obesity - Volume 1: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology, Third Edition, G.A. Bray and C. Bouchard (Eds.), CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton FL, 367-375, 2014.